Fig. 1 Study procedure for cold snare polypectomy (CSP). a A sessile polyp detected in the colon. b The Boston Scientific 10-mm polypectomy snare was used for CSP. The size of this polyp was estimated to be 6mm. c CSP was performed. d Biopsy samples were taken from two marginal sites located symmetrically on the left and right of the mucosal defects to determine the presence or absence of residual polyp tissue.

Fig. 1 Endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) of a colonic lesion involving the appendiceal orifice using the full-thickness resection device (FTRD). a–d Endoscopic views showing: a the lesion at the appendiceal orifice prior to the resection; b the FTRD marking probe with soft coagulation current being used to mark the margins of the polyp; c use of the FTRD grasper to pull the polyp into the transparent cap, following which an over-the-scope clip (OTSC) is deployed and the lesion is resected by tightening the snare and using EndoCut Q current; d the OTSC after lesion resection. e Macroscopic appearance of the resected lesion. f Computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen revealing signs of appendicitis. g Laparoscopic view of the inflamed appendix during laparoscopic appendectomy. h Macroscopic appearance of the resected appendix with the previously deployed OTSC.

Fig. 1 Endoscopic appearance of diminutive ( ≤ 5mm) rectosigmoid polyps in patients with Lynch syndrome. a A hyperplastic lesion observed with high-definition white-light showing a smooth surface with isolated lacy vessels and delineated borders without mucus cap. b A hyperplastic lesion observed with narrow-band imaging revealing a color similar to the surrounding mucosa and round pits with a lacy isolated vessel on the surface. c A 1–2-mm flat lesion (yellow arrow) observed with high-definition indigo carmine chromoendoscopy, suspected to be a hyperplastic polyp and finally reported as colonic mucosa with superficial hyperplasic changes. d A tubular adenoma with low grade dysplasia (yellow arrow) observed with narrow-band imaging, showing a darker color compared with both the surrounding mucosa and with the lesion in image b.

Fig. 1 Colon Endoscopic Bubble Scale (CEBuS). a CEBuS-0 – no or minimal bubbles, covering less than 5% of the surface and not relevant for adequate mucosa visibility. b CEBuS-1 – moderate number of bubbles, covering between 5% and 50% of the surface, affecting mucosa visibility and requiring additional time for removal. c CEBuS-2 – severe bubbling, covering more than 50% of the surface, obscuring mucosa visibility and requiring additional time for removal.

Fig. 1 Schematic showing the use of endoscopic ultrasounddirected transgastric endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (EDGE) to facilitate endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in a patient with Roux-en-Y anatomy. In this example, a lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) is used to create a gastrogastrostomy and access the excluded stomach.

Fig. 1 Use of the Cryoballoon 180° Ablation System. a The CbAS180 consists of a foot pedal, balloon catheter, and controller, with a cartridge of nitrous oxide placed under the black cap. b–e Endoscopic images showing: b a patient with a C0M3 Barrett’s esophagus (BE) with high grade dysplasia prior to CbAS180 treatment; c the first CbAS180 application being performed, starting at the gastroesophageal junction and moving proximally over 3 cm (the circles on the spray catheter indicate the spray direction); d a second CbAS180 application being performed after repositioning of the spray catheter in the opposite direction (the opposite side of the spray catheter is marked with rectangles) to complete the circumferential treatment; e the appearance after 8 weeks, with 99% BE regression (a small remaining BE island is seen at 4 o’clock).

Fig. 1 Example treatment sequence for endoscopic internal drainage using double-pigtail stents for an anastomotic leak after esophagectomy showing: a a large anastomotic defect at the index endoscopy, which was performed for severe sepsis and purulent drainage on postoperative day 7; b insertion of a catheter and opacification of the collection under fluoroscopy; c placement of two double-pigtail stents; d final appearance with complete healing of the anastomotic defect after pigtail stent extraction.